The Wind and the sparks Review Essay Example

The Wind and the flashes Review Paper Article on The Wind and the flashes Pekhov I was agreeably amazed. I started to peruse it with this quadruplicate, which I believe is by a wide margin the most impressive of his works. All around explored multi-polar universe of blade and enchantment. The world dove into war, which starts on the main pages of the primary book, and finishes on the last pages of the fourth. The enchantment of this world the part of top picks, not just every entertainer is just a master in its field which is foreordained by his own attributes, and to go past that is practically unthinkable. A few of the principle characters, an assortment of the two his character and beginning and status, the great Country Company: professional killer, an understudy witch, light and dull wizards, a basic watchman, Barbarian scout, demonology chelovekolyagushka of wetlands, an odd creature, etc .d .. Watch the experiences of saints who persistently leave and join again intriguing, Pekhov not for a second permit us to get exhausted in any case, the primary concern that I was horrendously satisfied at Pehova - . it is sudden plot turns, I would state somersault. So burnt out on perusing are acceptable, when all is said in done, that the book, which nearly from the absolute first lines it turns out to be certain that the executioner head servant And the unexpected developments are not outlandish and even give some credibility story. How would you like it for tens and many pages we watch one of the principle miscreants, all going to the following hub and the story he once and is murdered by arbitrary in the general blast. Furthermore, it doesn't resemble such a stunts ears, and naturally woven into the texture of the account. What's more, this at Pehova insufficient. Its ideal to peruse a book that is elegantly composed furthermore continually interests you. We will compose a custom article test on The Wind and the flashes Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The Wind and the flashes Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on The Wind and the flashes Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Any individual who adores a decent dream emphatically prompt this cycle is fascinating to peruse.

Free Essays on Terrorism: The Threat of Usamah Bin-Ladin :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

The Threat of Usamah Bin-Ladin   This article was written in 1999 when I was an understudy at the University of Kentucky. My school flat mate and I regularly discussed our contradicting sees on outside affairs.  My flat mate, animatedly felt that freeing the universe of atomic weapons would step by step end all viciousness between states. Albeit optimistically I would have gotten a kick out of the chance to concur, I needed to battle that war could never end as long as religion was vital to the convictions of the troopers battling. Sheik Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin exemplifies and epitomizes my contention . He has established associations and shaped alliances among realized psychological oppressor bunches which advocate the devastation of the United States . Moreover, Bin-Ladin wants that:   The decision to slaughter Americans and their partners - regular people and military- - is an obligation for each Muslim. We- - with God's assistance - approach each Muslim to murder Americans .   The support that Bin-Ladin submits is that Allah orders us to do the blessed battle 'jihad' to raise the expression of Allah over the expressions of the unbelievers. Bin-Ladin accepts that ...Americans force themselves on each and every individual who has confidence in his religion and his privileges. Furthermore, he cautions of the result that America will confront though ...every day the Americans postpone their takeoff, for consistently they delay, they will get another body from Muslim nations . Canister Ladin is a man whose strict convictions, alongside his money related assets, give him the influence important to make wars and fear based oppressor viciousness. On the off chance that there were a nonappearance of magnificent pronouncement in his activities, maybe he would have no force, for he would do not have a legitimate thought process. Consequently, this shows the effect of religion on viciousness. In this particular occurrence, the viciousness is depicted as a legitimate m ean towards arriving at the finish of assisting strict convictions.   As a practical danger to America, the United States government must discover roads of discouragement to end the current and future psychological oppressor exercises of Bin-Ladin. Besides, earlier towards examining alternatives of prevention, the danger of Bin-Ladin will initially be developed.   It possibly appears to be sensible to express that when somebody is battling for a reason in the interest of his strict convictions, he is a more prominent danger then somebody else. Doubtlessly the person who is protecting his strict convictions would be all the more willing to set out his life for his motivation, since he is working in a space of misfortune.

Sexism in A Thousand Splendid Suns Essay Example

Sexism in A Thousand Splendid Suns Essay A significant subject all through the novel is sexism and the belief system that men have unlimited authority over their spouses (encouraged by the Taliban). A couple of days subsequent to living with Ransheed, Mariam is required to wear a burka as where he originates from a womens face is her spouses business as it were. This announcement typifies ladies, comparing them to assets without character or any singularity. Notwithstanding the tone, one might say that Ransheed needs to liberate his better half from undesirable looks and mean comments of another men, that may cause her to feel awkward. Be that as it may, no friendship or defense is communicated, the burka is just for his advantage; an approach to keep up his pride. The citation interfaces near The Handmaids Tale the handmaids clothing standard comprises of a lower leg length, full, assembled to a level burden that reaches out over the bosom and white wings which shield them from seeing yet in addition from being seen demons trating extraordinary of generalization. The possibility that ladies can be so taught demonstrates they are seen as not having their very own psyche, allowed to settle on their decisions, practically like creatures (not having a higher request of reasoning). Ransheed additionally communicates his dislike when he makes reference to ladies come uncoveredlook me in the eye without disgrace asserting how it humiliates him to see a man whos lost control of his significant other Women are viewed as an expansion of the spouse and on the off chance that they demonstration improperly husbands just consideration about what it reflects upon them. Ladies are treated as sub-human, second rate compared to man, who ought to overwhelm; empowering them to shape ladies as they wish until they become a voiceless being (never communicating their actual character), whose design is to serve them as it were. Driving on from this, Ransheed could be supposed to be battling for his way of life as he feels constrained by society to have a spouse that shows articulate regard and acquiescence. Without, he would be classed as frail, consequently no one important. Society standards alone have tremendous impact on the battle for character. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sexism in A Thousand Splendid Suns explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Sexism in A Thousand Splendid Suns explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Sexism in A Thousand Splendid Suns explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In addition to the fact that Ransheed dominates his significant other, he additionally physical maltreatment them first floor, the beating started it is practically similar to a custom and the manner in which it is said so clearly, features the frightfulness of the demonstration. Laila names it as orderly, recognizable proceedingno reviling, no screamingonly the precise business of beating and being beatenthump pound the ladies have no choice to acknowledge the maltreatment (their discipline) as a feature of the every day schedule. The reality ladies have no capacity to stop the monstrosity, places them as everlastingly helpless and weak. Not having the option to go to bat for themselves, prompts a decreased form, therefore the battle for character proceeds. Incidentally, the two men carry on in manners that are morally dishonorable. To ensure their names so as to meet their own thoughts of social desires, they disregard or even maltreatment their posterity and spouses, giving up the government assistance of people around them so as to conceal any hint of failure. Impact of War When Mariam finds a flyer, communicating the new guidelines the Taliban are executing. There is one segment dedicated completely to ladies Attention ladies, just as they need additional decision. The principles are composed as a rundown, which features the degree to which ladies are being controlled; there is truly no chance to get for them to get away. A portion of the incorporate You won't talk except if addressed and You won't snicker in broad daylight and must be joined by a male family members. The Taliban totally evacuates their freedom, permitting them to be commanded and treated as sub-people (their personality gone). The most delightful ramification for infringement of the principles is by and large seriously beaten. The reality this is composed publically, shows societys treatment disposition towards ladies; they are useless, undeserving of correspondence. This was totally intended to protect their respect, however in certainty it was an approach to control society, initiating an excess of dread for there to be ever an opportunity of disobedience. Language Techniques * Short cut sentences pass on a tone that it is matter of reality. This shows how the treatment of ladies by men is the standard, totally obvious. This features the battle for way of life as the two ladies and men the same have gotten so taught by society belief system, they no longer go about as they would do typically. * Use of inquiries, Do you get it? is practically similar to a parent would converse with a youngster, reflecting how men are set as unrivaled. Ladies are not given the kindness of being thought of having their very own psyche. Different Links * The Color Purple Ceclie is beaten by her better half as it is the standard. She is beaten for being sufficiently bad but rather in truth he utilizes her as an approach to discharge his dissatisfaction and outrage.

Police Use of Force | Essay

Police Use of Force | Essay There have been a few issues concerning the strategies that underline the utilization of power inside the field of law authorization. Ideal suppositions, negative protests, and ambivalent sentiments about the utilization of power have changed all through the general population just as inside the criminal equity framework with regards to this arrangement. For various years, it has been very troublesome in deciding the best possible meaning of what is viewed as the utilization of power or the best possible utilization of power, particularly concerning law requirement. Amusingly, there have been many examinations on police and the utilization of power and research inferred that there is no single acknowledged definition. Must police use power? Not exclusively should the response to this inquiry incorporate the conditions encompassing the circumstance however it ought to likewise incorporate the measure of power ready to be utilized in every remarkable circumstance. This inquiry will particularly profit a cop while deciding the measure of power that ought to be applied on criminal suspects. By and large, with the goal for one to completely comprehend the different meanings of utilization of power, one must have the option to welcome the foundation, causes, and approaches to diminish the utilization of power. The fundamental issue with utilization of power is the absence of standard, national frameworks for gathering information on occurrences in which police use power during the typical course of obligation and on the degree of exorbitant power and when power ought to be applied and how a lot. As indicated by Buker (2005), the term, utilization of power, depicts a privilege of an individual or position to settle clashes or forestall certain activities by applying measures to either: discourage another gathering from a specific game-plan, or genuinely mediate to stop them (pg201). Police are conceded the position to utilize power and having the option to utilize power this is describes one of the most confounded forces allowed to officials of the administration. Law requirement officials may characterize the utilization of power as, taking all activities to carry a threatening circumstance to a progressively sensible status. Adler (2007) found as driving police antiquarians have illustrated, early law authorities worked in an unfriendly situation. Built up during a period of taking off savagery, when mobs were ordinary and when social divisions cut urban areas into contending neighborhoods, American cops, in Chicago and somewhere else, confronted an overwhelming assignment. They were relied upon to look after request, yet they needed authenticity and stayed shackled to a fanatic, frequently degenerate, institutional structure in which they were urged to utilize their impact and muscle for plainly political assignments, for example, protecting their supporters and controlling work distress. At the same time, American law implementers struggled to order regard and to control the boulevards. Kinds of Force There are a few understandings regarding what is viewed as an unreasonable measure of power, which can shift from utilizing bean packs firearms, synthetic shower, or rod. At the point when these things are utilized improperly or exorbitantly one may state this is utilizing an unreasonable measure of power. In any case, since they are non-deadly they can be viewed as sensible utilization of power. Thusly, the measure of power a cop utilizes doesn't exclusively rely upon oneself, yet their caution. Each circumstance that conceivably includes the utilization of power is one of a kind. Circumstances might be comparative or appear to reflect each other, however no circumstance is the equivalent. By circumstances changing from the distinctions in individuals, areas, convictions, and foundations to tailor a specific definition, make certain rules for the utilization of power is troublesome. A few people accept police ought not have the ability to utilize power, regardless of what the condit ions might be. They think everything can be fathomed along serene specifications in which nobody can be harmed or murdered (Ng, 2009). At that point you have other people who comprehend that in certain circumstances, power isn't just fundamental, yet is required, if genuine, injury or demise is dodged (Rahtz, 2007). When dealing with a specific circumstance cops have an assortment of power choices from which they can pick. Officials have been allowed the power to utilize both physical and mental power to unravel wrongdoings and keep crooks. At specific occasions lawbreakers can be agreeable when being captured, so there is no requirement for physical power the simple nearness of the official is sufficient to pick up their control. At the point when crooks are no so helpful, the initial step would be verbal orders, going ahead the following stage to keep a lawbreaker, would be the consistence hold which means applying physical power, which might be trailed by the utilization of non-deadly weapons, for example, the twirly doo or tasers. The last outcome would resort in applying fatal power, which by all methods should endeavor to be kept away from except if thought about fundamental (Douthit, 1975). It is generally respected that the police in some random society have a troublesome activity to satisfy. Managing hoodlums and setting themselves in hurts path on an everyday premise is certainly an honorable calling. Despite the fact that seen as troublesome, there is a fundamental opinion in the overall population that the activity of law requirement officials is generally clear. Police are confronted with extreme good choices day by day. They are to choose when and the proper behavior when given infringement of the law. At the point when the utilization of power surpasses what is important to achieve their legitimate reason, or when their motivation isn't legal dread or self-protection in any case, rather close to home counter, it is characterized as inordinate utilization of power and is dishonest and illicit (Pollock, 2010). As per the United States Department of Justice (2008) the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in Data Collection on Police Use of Force, expresses that the lawful trial of over the top power is whether the cop sensibly accepted that such power was important to achieve a genuine police reason. In any case, there are no generally acknowledged meanings of sensible and vital in light of the fact that the terms are emotional and totality comprehended. A court in one purview may characterize sensible or essential uniquely in contrast to a court in a subsequent locale. More to the fact of the matter is a comprehension of the inappropriate utilization of power, which can be separated into two classifications: superfluous and extreme. The superfluous utilization of power would be the use of power where there is no avocation for its utilization, while an over the top utilization of power would be the use of more power than required where utilization of power is important (pg3). Causes As indicated by Alpert Smith (1994), a significant reason for abuse of power, perhaps prompting police ruthlessness is the conviction that cops are fighters in a war on wrongdoing. The war attitude motivations are to do certain things that would not be permitted under typical conditions. Police embrace this mindset due to residents, whose dread of wrongdoing has arrived at an untouched high, and due to government officials, who announce the thought that intense cops forestall wrongdoing (pg127). Most suspects are consistent and require close to a managing arm, yet the individuals who reject or oppose, and every so often the individuals who don't, may incite a persuasive reaction. Subjects of police employments of power regularly react with charges of law authorization mercilessness. Some of the time these charges are unjustifiable, a result of misconception what may legitimize legal power or of fraudulent complaint (Matthew, 2006). Different occasions they speak to a simply interest for acknowledgment and review for harmed bodies and spirits. The difficulty, as indicated by Rahtz (2003), is the absence of a reasonable concession to what establishes real utilization of power. The general population, just as the police, comprehend that in certain circumstances, power isn't just essential and unavoidable, yet is required, if genuine injury, demise or annihilation of property is to be kept away from (pg136). When managing non military personnel associates and the sum with power a police can apply during a capture it places them in a flimsy circumstance. At the point when cops settle on choices and decisions dependent on the present circumstance without alluding to any arrangements and strategies, just by following ones own judgment this is called prudence (Douthit, 1975). This gives the police elbowroom concerning when power is essential and when it isn't, inside specific rules. For example, a cop can't whip a man for burglarizing a store. Be that as it may, if the burglar battered somebody during the time spent the theft the cop could. He could do this on the grounds that there was an away from of peril to himself or to another official or person. Police must go in the exact direction to fit the condition, in such a case that they are excessively merciful or to mighty, in any event, when managing the pettiest things, they can be chastised by bosses and people in general. It appears as though the utilization of power issue has not been taken intense through lawful viewpoints. Cops are once in a while criticized; if the official is accused of over the top utilization of power the charges are about excused. This makes questions be raised, can any anyone explain why law authorization officials get unique treatment? One may state officials charges are absolved in light of the fact that; when officials are set in a gifted circumstance they utilize their insight into past point of reference to be pardoned with their power activities which might be unnecessary animosity. Famous Cases of Police Brutality In 1991 a sickened tape was communicated across the country, catching California cops mercilessly beating a driver by the name of Rodney King. This case has tremendously affected law requirement. This case made an examination by an uncommon commission see whether the fierceness was broad inside the police power (Engel, 2008). Another instance of police mercilessness occurred in Brooklyn, NY a resident by the name of Michael Mineo asserted he was sodomized with a cudgel by cops. The instance of Sean Bell is a case that many will recall Bell was slaughtered on the morning of his wedding da

The House Of Seven Gables - Symbolism Essays -

The House of Seven Gables - Symbolism American Literature reflects life, and the battles that we face during our reality. The incredible creators within recent memory consolidate life's issues into their writing legitimately and by implication. The accounts themselves gruffly disclose to us a story, in any case, a creator additionally utilizes images to hand-off to us his message in an increasingly unobtrusive way. In Nathaniel Hawthorne's book The House of Seven Gable's imagery is articulately used to improve the story being told, by giving us a more profound knowledge into the writer's aims recorded as a hard copy the story. The book starts by depicting the most clear image of the house itself. The house itself takes on human like qualities as it is being depicted by Hawthorne in the initial parts. The house is depicted as breathing through the spiracles of one extraordinary chimney(Hawthorne 7). Hawthorne utilizes graphic lines like this to transform the house into an image of the lives that have gone through its corridors. The house takes on a persona of a living animal that exists and impacts the lives of everyone who enters through its entryways. (Colacurcio 113) Such a large amount of humankind's fluctuated experience had gone there - so much had been endured, and something, as well, delighted in - that the very timbers were sloppy, likewise with the dampness of a heart. (Hawthorne 27). Hawthorne transforms the house into an image of the assortment of the considerable number of hearts that were obscured by the house. It was itself like an incredible human heart, with its very own existence, and load ed with rich and grave memories (Hawthorne 27). Evert Augustus Duyckinck concurs that The boss maybe, of the players, is simply the house. From its turrets to its kitchen, in each alcove and break without and inside, it is alive and fundamental. (Hawthorne 352) Duyckinck feels that the house is intended to be utilized as an image of a genuine character, Really it is an entertainer in the scene(Hawthorne 352). This transforms the house into a fascinating, yet at the same time discouraging spot that obscures the book from multiple points of view. Hawthorne implies for the house's desolate climate to represent numerous things in his book. The house additionally is utilized to represent a jail that has obscured the lives of its prisoners until the end of time. The house is a jail since it forestalls its occupants structure genuinely appreciating any opportunity. The occupants attempt to escape from their imprisonment twice. At first, as Phoebe and Clifford watch the procession of life in the road, Clifford understands his condition of confinement from the ?one expansive mass of presence one extraordinary life, - one gathered assortment of humankind,' and he can't avoid the genuine physical endeavor to dive down into the ?flooding stream of human compassion' (Rountree 101). Dillingham accepts that Hawthorne plainly portrays Clifford's extraordinary need to become rejoined with the world and clues that this gathering can be cultivated uniquely by death (Rountree 101). Be that as it may, Clifford unavoidably neglects to win his opportunity, and he comes back to the comfort of his jail house. Clifford and Hepzibah endeavor again to get away from their hostage jail, yet the house has fatigued them an excessive amount of as of now (Rountree 102). This is clear when Hepzibah and her sibling prepared themselves as prepared as could reasonably be expected, in the best of their old-style articles of clothing, which had held tight pegs, or been laid away in trunks, so long that the moistness and rotten smell of the past was on them - prepared themselves, in their blurred bettermost, to go to chapel. They slipped the flight of stairs together, ? pulled open the front entryway, and stept over the edge, and felt, them two, as though they were remaining within the sight of the entire world? Their hearts trembled inside them, at making one stride further. (Hawthorne 169) Hepzibah and Clifford are totally cut off from the outside world. They resemble detainees who subsequent to being imprisoned for a considerable length of time come back to locate a world they don't know.(Rountree 101). Clifford is profoundly disheartened when he says, ?We are phantoms! We have no privilege among individuals - no privilege anyplace, yet in this old house(Hawthorne 169). The house has detained their spirits and caught their lives. Henceforth, the house represents a

A Brief Retreat

A Brief Retreat Freshman year has come and gone; three more years of MIT separate me from the future. I got a crash course in not burning out and my mentor was the experience of burning out. Since the next three years wont take any excuses, Ive been looking for ways to recharge myself and face the new school year with more energy and more wisdom. An opportunity came up last weekend, when my family and I took a trip to Block Island, a place several miles off the coast of Rhode Island and roughly three hours away from where I live. We spent the first two or so hours in a car headed toward Point Judith, and then filled in the remaining travel time on a ferry that carried us several miles, going from a dock at Point Judith to the shores of our destination. As our ferry cast off from Point Judith that afternoon, the skies were overcast. Probably the only things that were clear around me were the oceans and, for a moment, my mind. Sadly, I only had my cell phone to capture these breath-taking sights (which you can enlarge by clicking on them): For much of my life, the ocean (or just water in general) and I have had an interesting relationship. Prior to me beginning my freshman year at MIT, it gave me this sinking feeling that I was able to shake off by taking a few swimming classes. As I was on that ferry, my thoughts shifted to what I could conquer now that I felt at ease in and around the water. More to the point, I daydreamed about what it might be like to own a yacht many years from now, and how I might be able to take it out to the ocean, perhaps letting it sit somewhere kind of far out at sea as the sun set. I mused about reclining in a nice chair out on the deck, enjoying the taste of iced tea and the smell of the salty sea carried on the ocean breeze. I thought about a hypothetical time when all of my fulfilling work would culminate in a different way of life, and a novel way to relax. But then again, nothing like that just falls into your lap. As Block Island began to fade into view on the horizon, my focus eased slowly into reality. Once we were right in the dock, my wandering thoughts continued to hang on each new sight that I took in. For our very brief trip to Block Island, my parents and I drove around aimlessly in a Jeep Wrangler with its top folded down, an appropriate vehicle to help us answer a call to adventure that seemed to resonate within us. As my dad turned the key in the ignition for the first time, I vaulted over the rear bumper and jumped in the back seat, and moments later, we took off. Our first stop was the Southeast Light, located right by the Mohegan Bluffs. Before the lighthouse was declared a national historic landmark in 1997, it risked falling into the ocean, as the nearby bluffs were being steadily eroded. As these images show, though, that story has a happy ending: With the lighthouse to ones back, one need only turn to the right to see the bluffs: And straight ahead: the boundless ocean, the wide horizon, the seemingly infinite: We also paid a visit to Settlers Rock, which is adjacent to a national wildlife reserve and a lighthouse to the north. It was the northernmost point that we could reach by car and unfortunately, our Wrangler had its 44 capabilities disabled, so off-roading it wasnt an option. I couldnt complain much, though: There was also a small surprise right where we were: a few people had balanced stones on the rocky shores. Even with only roughly 11 square miles of land, we still couldnt cover every place in the short time we had. The relatively few sights that we did see indicated there was much more to enjoy than just beaches and lighthouses. As the sun began to set in much clearer skies, I reflected on my experience with a clearer, more open mind. I knew that Id be back. I didnt quite know when, but with all that I saw that day, I felt that it had to be somewhere in my future. Such is the promise of my dreams, my education, and my current career goals. So I made a mental note: return to this place. Its odd to think about it in this way, but MIT is one of the last barriers between me and the real world. After this, theres a good chance that Ill be headed off to med school. And after that, well, Ill be in the working world. And at that point I hope that Ill have the freedom, the experience, and the wherewithal to turn this Sunday excursion into a vision of the future which is to say that Ill have what it takes to reward myself for what I hope to accomplish. Itll mean working hard even harder (and smarter) than I have before but if that horizon isnt even a good incentive to do it, then frankly, I dont know what is. For all of you incoming students, this might be a good exercise. Theres plenty of intellectual benefits to coming here, and just as many ways you can leverage that to serve the world and your community, but the prospect of being able to relax after all that is done is pretty enticing, too. With that said, let me ask you: what are your visions of the future? What rewards will keep you committed through all these years?

George Washingtons Impact - Free Essay Example

George Washington is a name that is fabled all over the globe(or nation). George Washington did countless things that have shaped the way our country has developed. George Washington officiated the writing of the US Constitution 1787 it is now considered to be one of the worlds greatest political documents of all time. Without this document, wed be held to no moral standards leaving Society in shambles. As stated in the article Important Americans Washington helped lay the foundation for the US government is known today. He created a path for the future presidency to follow. He set a standard for all those of posterity to pursue not only found his achievements but in his moral ideals. Without these amendments upholding our rights society would be a corrupt system of tyranny. Sustaining no religious freedom, slavery, and restricted voting. Furthermore, some may say many of Washingtons efforts were impacted by those of others, but he is the only one considered to be the founder of our country. Many of Washingtons military achievements are admired for their determination more than their accomplishments. He supplied the soldiers with the aspiration and willpower to persevere nothing would deter his determination to establish a Nation free from the chains of arbitrary that had previously restrained them. The colonists dared hope again for their independence, said a time news writer. The Battle of Trenton was and is a very important battle in Americas history. With the military confidence depleted they assumed the rebellion would soon be over. This Victory over Britain brought with that a new found confidence to overcome. George Washington brought the revolution back to life. Without Washingtons efforts to create this impregnable Nation we now call America, it might have never been founded. Most importantly America wouldnt be America without George Washington. He has had huge significance in history and his name will live on forever. Washingtons ambition, courage, and diligence created a perfect foundation for the presidential greatness he was destined for. A man that could have had the crown but denied it all to rescue a nation.

Why the Standard Enthalpy of Formation of O2 Equals Zero

To understand standard enthalpy of formation of  O2  Equal to Zero, you need to understand the definition of standard enthalpy of formation. This is the change of enthalpy when one mole of a substance in its standard state is formed from its elements under standard state conditions of 1 atmosphere pressure and  298K temperature. Oxygen gas consists of its elements already  in the standard state, so there isnt any change here. Oxygen (the element) at standard state is O2. The same is true other other gaseous elements, such as hydrogen and nitrogen, and solid elements, such as carbon in its graphite form. The standard enthalpy of formation is zero for  elements in their standard states.

Internal Threats From Hackers And Malicious Software

Introduction With the widespread of computer networks and the increasing number of threats, privacy issues, etc. information security is now a necessity for all organizations. This has alerted businesses globally to take steps in ensuring the security of their information and other assets. While most security measures focus on the external threats from hackers and malicious software, internal threats account for twice the impact of loss as external threats. These internal threats could be Intentional or accidental. But mostly internal threats are caused by poor access control which leads to an unauthorized level of access beyond the scope of their position. To forestall the troubles produced by employee use of information systems and other assets, producing a thorough information security design is almost significant. This program will provide the system with necessary details regarding the role of the organization’s assets. Organizational Security As a large insurance company with 70 employees and nine departments; human resources, finance, audit, sales, marketing, legal, customer service and IT support. With staff having a perquisite knowledge of information technology. Nevertheless, in that respect is no adequate security program to guarantee the security of the company’s assets. This can be observed as the background security problem as it is required that a company of this size should deliver a security program which spreads over all assets.I.e. Data, devices andShow MoreRelatedI am hired as an Information Security Engineer for a videogame development company. The900 Words   |  4 PagesThe organization network structure is given in the diagram. I was notified that malicious activities are taking place in the network structure. They can effect protection of the intellectual property and highly sensitive data maintained by the organization. I am assigned to resolve these issues that arise in the network structure . In this document I will analyze and assess potential malicious attacks and threats that may be carried out against the network along with potential vulnerabilities thatRead MoreThe Usage Of The Http Convecton.http1735 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence sytem movement .The graph indicate the large number of TCP from the single IP adress and the only two IP generating a lot of TCP traffic in the network that’s why its observed that there is a malfucntionnig in the network traffic that is been generated becaues one IP adress has checked all the ports of other IP address and this could compromise the system network. RISKS IDENTIFIED IN THE NETWORK Types of attacks/threats in a network before a firewall is implemented Social engineering-wherebyRead MoreHackers : The Real Estate Agent1268 Words   |  6 Pages In 2014, seventy million customer’s data were stolen by hackers (Yang, Jayakumar, 2014). Hackers also made away with about  £20 million (US $25.4 million) of bank customers. Germany Vodafone, a mobile telecommunication company revealed that two million customer’s information was illegally downloaded by hackers (BBC News, 2013) while in Japan, JTB, a tourism company says hackers stole eight million sensitive customer data (Wanklyn, 2016). While most hacking that has made the news, involve big businessesRead MoreCybercrime : Major Threats1116 Words   |  5 PagesCybercrime – Major Threats Introduction Computers suffer attacks, both at home and business atmosphere and they have develop steadily over the past twenty years. Based on the U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), â€Å"†¦worldwide digital attacks reached an all-time high of nearly 20,000 in January, causing more than $8 billion in damages.† (Mueller, 2003). Events and occurrences on identity theft which is the act of impersonating another person for profit or gain – are increasing and growing crimesRead MoreApplication Security Testing1187 Words   |  5 PagesApplication security is the use of hardware, software and procedural methods in order to protect applications from internal or external threats. As more and more applications are becoming accessible over networks, they are being exposed to wide variety of threats as well. Even the most sophisticated application security systems are prone to breaches, and demand stringent automated and manual test strategies at each stage of software develo pment life cycle (SDLC). In this paper, we will gain basicRead MoreInformation Security Engineer For A Videogame Development Company1034 Words   |  5 Pagespotential malicious attacks and threats that could be carried out against a videogame development company. These attacks can have an impact on the company. There are also concerns for data loss and data theft in the network. There are security controls that could help protect against the concerns. The first and potentially biggest concern would be insecure or compromised game servers. This could happen because the server was hacked (Hayes, 2008). When the server gets hacked, the hacker can uploadRead MoreA Piece Of Software As Malicious Software Or Malware?1286 Words   |  6 Pages3.2 Malwares A piece of software whose indent is malicious is called malicious software or Malware. They spy on users behaviours and data and compromise their privacy and security. Even software provided by reputed vendors performs undesired actions which compromises privacy and security.[10]. They vary in their speed, stealth and purpose, while these properties are evolving[11] rather in a very fast phase. Adversaries are much faster, that the window between the discovery of a vulnerability andRead MoreThe Importance Of Firewalls On The Operation System1222 Words   |  5 Pagesas one of the components in information assurance, which elaborates the importance of firewalls on the operation system. Illustrating the example of the online transaction that can use firewall management to mitigate the risks of severe consequences from cyberattacks. Besides, there are some limitation of firewalls as well that we have to consider in operating the system even if the firewall is protecting the system. Introduction Nowadays, information assurance (IA) plays an important role in everyRead MoreNetwork Environments : How It Reduces The Risk Of Having A Threat?1319 Words   |  6 Pagesit lessens the risk of having a threat take down everything in a working environment. For example, we would have a firewall set outside of both networks and one side would be for web services, DNS, and email, which would be our DMZ. Some important security services that would be included are spam filters for email, a sonic wall and proxy servers for web services, and web intrusion detection (IDS). The purpose of having spam filters is to protect our network from spam and any attacks that might comeRead MoreMobile Phones : A Target For Hackers1489 Words   |  6 Pagesrole in our lives as they help us get connected to each other all the time. Since the last decade, Mobile phones continued to evolve into smartphones which can do much more than calling and texting. Smartphones are nothing but computers with extra in ternal hardware specifically a GSM radio (Global System for Mobile Communications) and a baseband processor that controls the radio. Along with these primary hardware components, smartphones now comes embedded with additional hardware such as NFC (Near

Business Law Graded Project - 942 Words

AGREEMENT OF The Can Do Partnership This Partnership Agreement is made on May 26, 2010 between Tim Couch and Bert Parker. 1. Name and Business. The parties hereby form a partnership under the name of The Can Do Partnership to produce 50-50 partners, giving equal say and ownership of a racehorse named Can Do. All decisions must be unanimous. 2. Term. The partnership shall be a 5-year term. 3. Purpose and Powers. 3.1 Purpose. The Partnership’s purpose shall be to: give equal say and ownership. 3.2 Powers. The Partnership shall have the following powers: 1) to conduct and operate the Partnership business; 2) to execute necessary business documents including notes, leases, service contracts, etc; 3) to open bank†¦show more content†¦6.4 Purchase of Defaulting Partner’s Interest. If a Partner defaults as defined in Paragraph 7 below, the non-defaulting Partner may purchase the defaulting Partner’s interest in the Partnership. 7. Default. 7.1 Default Events. A Partner shall be in defa ult if: (a) the Partner makes an assignment for the benefit of creditors, starts or is forced into bankruptcy, reorganization or insolvency proceedings; (b) the Partner’s Partnership interest is subject to attachment or seizure; and (c) the Partner fails to contribute capital when required or commits any other material breach of this agreement and fails to cure the breach after 60 days written notice. 7.2 Default Payment Terms. Price paid will be fair market value as determined by MAI appraiser. All other purchase terms will be as described in the paragraph’s on Deadlock Buy-Sell above. 8. Termination. Even if the term of the Partnership has not expired, the Partnership may terminate by: (a) Unanimous agreement of the Partners; or (b) If Can Do becomes significantly incapacited; or (c) Election of a Partner when another Partner has breached this agreement. 9. Dispute Resolution. In the event of a dispute arising between the Partners, the president of the Last Lap Racin g Association will act as arbitrator. If the president of Last Lap is unwilling orShow MoreRelatedEssay on Final Project2965 Words   |  12 PagesSocial Networking Graded Assignments: Project Project Project Title Transforming to an E-Business Model Purpose This project provides you an opportunity to assume a specific role in a business situation. You then apply the competencies gained in this course to develop a solution for a business problem related to an organization’s transformation to an e-business model. Learning Objectives and Outcomes You will be able to: Gain an overall understanding of an e-business transformation capitalizingRead MoreProposal for the Relocation of an Office919 Words   |  4 PagesRFP Request 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Purpose of Solicitation 3 1.2 Proposed Form of Contract 3 2. Description of Work 3 2.1 Statement of Work 3 3. Proposal Requirements 3 3.1 Technical Proposal 3 3.11 Designated Project Manager 3 3.12 Qualifications of Professional Personnel 3 3.13 References 4 3.14 Subcontracts 4 3.15 Methodology 4 3.16 Conflicts of Interest 4 4. Contractor Selection 4 4.1 Technical Proposal Review 4 4.2 Opening of Cost Proposal 4 4.3 Post Award AuditRead MoreCommunication is the Key to a Successful Team892 Words   |  4 Pagesstrengths lie in extroversion, conscientiousness, and open to new experiences. Extroversion is how outgoing, talkative and assertive a team member may be. Extroversion also accounts the comfort level one feels in a group certain. On the awareness test i graded myself moderate to high of each personality factor given. For example on whether Im the life of the party of or if i feel comfortable around people i rated myself as a five. Due to the fact that i feel like Im outgoing and comfortable around peopleRead MoreChile : A Global Perspective1141 Words   |  5 PagesWe intend to incorporate a global perspective in our organization business model, while tailoring our actions to the local environments. The Chilean economy is very internationalized. The country draws a high inward foreign direct investment due to its sustained economic growth and stability and due to favorable investment and business development climates. Chile is committed to trade and investment liberalization. Chile is the first country in South America to sign a free trade agreement withRead MoreA Short Note On External Mentorship For Employers1451 Words   |  6 Pages o Leadership o Communication Skills o Strategic Decision Making o Organization Skills o Resource Management How to Apply Complete the _______________________ form and send to: Marci Trevino, M.A. Internship and Mentorship Program Chair Business Development and Industry Relations Manager Fremont College 3440 Wilshire Blvd. 10th Floor Los Angeles, CA 90010 marci.trevino@fremont.edu 213-355-8083 Mentor Role ïÆ'Ëœ The mentor will take a personal professional interest in guiding, encouraging, andRead MoreManaging Customer Perceptions of the Business Environment for Competitive Advantage1743 Words   |  7 PagesPredrag Basic BA 656 01/16/2011 Article Critique: Managing customer perceptions of the business environment for competitive advantage By: Toni Hilton, PhD Westminster Business School, UK and Warwick Jones, PhD University of the West of England, UK Journal of Customer Behavior, 2010, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 265-281 Article Summary Per Bendapudi and Berry, the environmental influences consumer behavior but does not influence consumers’ trust. Organizations have to research extentRead MoreJones Electrical Distribution3802 Words   |  16 PagesFinancial Management SBB Fundamentals COURSE GUIDE Leiden University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Science Based Business Program March 2011  © 2011 All rights reserved Centre for Business Studies (CBW) Leiden University Except as allowed under Dutch Copyright Law (1912), no part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval systemRead MoreStrategic Management6582 Words   |  27 PagesThinking Week 1 October 3 – October 9, 2012 Required Reading †¢ Collis, D.J., Montgomery, C.A. (1995, July/August). Competing on resources: Strategy in the 1990s. Harvard Business Review, 73 (4). (Custom Textbook (2012), Managing Strategy in the Global Marketplace. Chapter 21.) †¢ Porter, M.E. (1996). What is Strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74 (6). In HBR’s 10 Must Reads on Strategy. (Custom Textbook (2012), Managing Strategy in the Global Marketplace. Chapter 21.) †¢ Stegmann, J (2009) CriticalRead MoreResearch Papers for Vietnam War1341 Words   |  6 PagesWar research project on May 21, 2013. Research Proposal on Organizational Behaviour Organizational Behaviour Research Proposal: Organizational behaviour is the study which researches the norms and standards of the interrelations of the people in the boarders of an organization. Evidently, every organization, public or private consists of a staff of people, which coexist and work together for the single aim. Naturally, organizational behaviour is extremely important in business because theRead MoreComparison Of Lumley V Wagner ( 1852 )1512 Words   |  7 Pagesits solved through laws that adapt and cohere with the unique situations. Breaching a contract plays heavy tolls on the parties, as emphasis on damages and remedies is highly important. These stories are often used to create/improve laws for the future, as the entertainment industry involves enormous amounts of money and special talent. In Lumley v Wagner, the two parties set a legally binding contract which was set to a duration of 3 months. A contract, under Australian Law is â€Å"an offer by one

Brain Plasticity - 637 Words

Illustrating the brain’s plasticity From: Bolt, Martin. Instructor Resources for Myers â€Å"Psychology.† (4th Lecture/Discussion Topic: Maranda Francisco and Hemispherectomy On August 7, 1985; surgeons removed the entire left hemisphere of 4-year-old Maranda Franciscos brain. The young girl had suffered from epilepsy caused by an extremely rare disease called Rasmussens encephalitis. While seizures had affected only her right side, she was rapidly losing the ability to walk, talk, eat, and learn. She was on constant medication and lived her life in brief intervals between convulsions. As often as 120 times a day, and sometimes only three minutes apart, seizures made the right side of her body useless. Since†¦show more content†¦Two different theoretical conclusions have been drawn from this finding. One is that no shift from one hemisphere to the other has occurred because lateralization of function is not present in early infancy. The other is that hemispheric differences are present very early in life, but the young brain has the ability to reorganize itself in the face of damage to specific regions. Recent studies of the abilities of persons with left and right hemispherectomies suggest that the latter plasticity explanation is more likely to be correct. Hemispherectomy dates back to 1928 when it was devised as a treatment for malignant brain tumors. It was unsuccessful. Not only did it not cure, but there was great mortality (death) and morbidity (illness) associated with it, reports Carson. The surgery was used again in the 1940s and 1960s as a treatment for seizure disorders, but each time it fell into disfavor because of postoperative complications. A number of medical advancements have contributed to its present success. Nevertheless, certain drawbacks may always remain. For example, some neurological functions do not transfer from one hemisphere to the other. All the hemis remain blind in one-half of each eye. They also continue to have some degree of paralysis on one side of their bodies. Fine motor movement is lost inShow MoreRelatedPhysical Activity And Brain Plasticity1299 Words   |  6 Pages In the article â€Å"Physical activity and brain plasticity in late adulthood† by Kirk I. Erickson, PhD, Ariel G. Gildengers, MD and Meryl A Butters, PhD provides insight to research on the effects of physical activity on the human brain in late adulthood. The article provides and overview of cognitive functioning in older adults. The purpose of the research in the article is to demonstrate how physical activity and other risk factors such as education, obesity, smoking, hypertension, diabetesRead MoreHow Meditation Affects Brain Plasticity Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesMeditation originates and has been has been practiced in Asia for thousands of years for different reasons such as increasing concentration abilities, religious purposes and also to train the mind. This essay will focus on how meditation affects brain plasticity (ability to change), emotionally and intellectually, leading to better performance and coping abilities in stressful situations. Things like attention span, memory functions and complexity of emotions will be further explored and may interestRead MoreThe Effect Of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation On Brain Plasticity And Learning1712 Words   |  7 PagesStimulation on Brain Plasticity and Learning Noam Katz California State University, Long Beach â€Æ' Abstract Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learningRead MoreThe Adult Human Brain Retains a Large Amount of Plasticity1590 Words   |  6 PagesIt is now widely recognised that the adult human brain retains a larger degree of plasticity than was previously thought. This is perhaps particularly true of the neural mechanisms underlying sensory perception, where substantial behavioural and neural changes have been demonstrated in a wide variety of sensory functions following experience. Sensory plasticity has been recognised for its rehabilitative potential, for instance through perceptual training regimes, which have been used to improv e visualRead MoreEffect Of Bilingualism On Cognition And Their Abilities Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesthat adjust to that second language are flexible. The changes in the flexibility and the anatomical structure of a bilingual child’s brain are based on his/her neural plasticity. Which are eventually different from the change in the flexibitlity and the anatomical structure of a monolingual child. Although bilinguism exerts many effects on the developing brain, it still; however, conjures the idea of the causaulity of the differences and the anatomy differences compared to monoliguism. In forthRead MoreVideo Games Encourage Violent Behavior1177 Words   |  5 Pages(Bavelier, Brain training: Games to do you good, 2013). Besides the fact that there is no correlational proof that video games encourage violent behavior, psychologists have proved that some good does come out of playing games. Video games, it seems, encourage positive brain plasticity. In the meeting hosted by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, scientist gathered to discuss way of using interactive technology, such as games, to boost brain activity (Bavelier, Brain training:Read MoreInternet Addiction And Social Media Depression1651 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Shallows: What The Internet Is Doing to Our Brains, Nicholas Carr makes the argument that the internet is changing our brains, impairing our ability to think deeply, to form memories and maintain our attention for long periods of time. The internet may also be changing our mood and encouraging depression through these very same processes as witnessed by internet addiction and social media depression. In the Shallows, Carr is making the argument that intenrt is affecting our cognition, usingRead MoreThe Neurological And Behavioral Changes Associated With Learning Music As A Child1497 Words   |  6 Pagesimperative for an individual to survive, and if training the brain with music can strengthen those networks, this is a subject of great importance. Since the 1940s doctors have recognized the impacts of music on the behavior of patients with mental disabilities, and from this discovery, the effects of music on a regular developing brain became a subject of great interest. Researchers recognized that there was potentially an opportunity to increase brain development in children resulting in discernable enhancementsRead MoreUnderstanding The Brain s Physical Operation948 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the brain’s physical operation is essential to frame the relationship between brain and mind. The brain functions as a result of many complex processes; however, Jeeves an d Brown narrow the brain’s activity into eight critical principles. These principles provide a background necessary to deduce insightful information from neuroscience’s current research of the correlation between our mental lives and brain systems. The first principle describes the PNS and CNS as action loops. An action loopRead MoreA Study By Lechtenberg Et Al864 Words   |  4 Pageswell known that psychological processes affect the outcome of social events, the converse is also true; social events affect psychological processes. As Schmidt (60) notes, â€Å"the concept of plasticity would suggest that sex, ethnicity, disease, and social classificiation would impact the physical makeup of the brain.† A study by Cornez (2015), investigating song recognition in zebra finches, provides an excellent example of how social events can influence the brain’s physical structure: The lower density

Nutrition cycle Free Essays

This paper gives the summary of the Nutrition cycle in the atmosphere. The Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorous cycle, Sulfur cycle and Hydrologic cycle are all discussed. The paper also mentions how the human activity has affected these cycles. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition cycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Carbon cycle The Carbon Cycle is the circulation of carbon, fats, proteins, DNA and many other organic compounds that is required for life in the biosphere. It makes up for 0.038% of the volume of troposphere and is also present in water. The carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere is balanced by the generating, removing (terrestrial and aquatic producers) and cooling in the cycle. Any small changes in this cycle will affect the climate and life forms on the earth (Chapter3 55). Photosynthesis converts Carbon Dioxide into glucose. Aerobic respiration then breaks glucose and organic compounds and reconverts it to Carbon Dioxide and is released into the atmosphere. Recycling of Carbon takes place in the form of decomposition of dead plant matter to give fossil fuels such as coal and oil. These fossil fuels are non renewable energy (Chapter3 55). There are two main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, humans clear trees and plants that help in photosynthesis and absorbs Carbon Dioxide. Secondly, Carbon Dioxide is added back to the atmosphere by burning wood and fossil fuels. The addition of Carbon Dioxide and other gases enhances the Earth’s natural green house effect. All this leads to global warming which affects the food produced and wildlife, temperature, precipitation and increases sea levels (Chapter3 55). Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen is available in large quantities in the atmosphere but cannot be directly used or absorbed by mutlicellular plants and animals. Nitrogen gas makes up for 78% of the volume of the troposphere   Ã‚  Atmospheric discharges like lighting, bacteria in aquatic systems in soil and the roots of plants convert the Nitrogen available into Nutrients that can be absorbed by plants or animals. This process is known as the Nitrogen Cycle (Chapter3 55). The process consists of Nitrification which converts nitrite ions to nitrate ions. Then Ammonification occurs wherein bacteria convert the detritus into simple nitrogen containing compounds such as Ammonia and water soluble salts (Ammonium ions). Denitrification then converts the Ammonia and Ammonium ions back into nitrite and nitrate ions and then further into Nitrogen gas and Nitrous gas, which is released into the atmosphere (Chapter3 55, 56). There are many ways by which humans are affected; some of them are as follows – First, Acid rain consisting of Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitric Acid causes damages in the form of acid depositions. Second, livestock and inorganic fertilizers release Nitrous Oxide into the atmosphere. This affects the ozone layer. Third, Nitrates contaminate groundwater making it harmful to drink. Fourth, Destruction of forests, wetlands and grasslands release Nitrogen compounds into the troposphere. Fifth, aquatic ecosystems is disturbed when too much nitrates is released. Sixth, Harvesting of Nitrogen rich crops, irrigation and then burning or clearing of topsoil before replanting crops removes Nitrogen in the topsoil (Chapter3 56). Phosphorous cycle Phosphorus circulation occurs through the water, earth’s crust and then the living organisms. The Phosphorus cycle is slower and flows from land to the oceans. It is found as Phosphate salts such as Phosphate ions present in terrestrial rock formations and sediments at the bottom of the ocean. Water flows erodes these inorganic compounds and transfers it to the oceans where deposition occurs. This sedimentation limits the growth of plants as it is only slightly soluble but very harmful (Chapter3 57, 58). There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, Phosphate rock mining is done to make inorganic fertilizers and detergents. Secondly, deforestation of tropical forests causes reduction of phosphate in tropical soils. Thirdly, aquatic life is disturbed due to Phosphates in animal wastes, fertilizers and sewage (Chapter3 58, 59). Sulfur cycle Sulfur circulation occurs through the biosphere. Sulfur is stored underground in rocks and minerals; these also include sulfate salts that are buried in ocean sediments. Sulfur enters the atmosphere as Hydrogen Sulfides, Sulfur dioxides, Sufides and Sulfate salts. Acid deposition occurs due to the conversion of Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur trioxide and then to Sulfuric acid, which along with air pollution harms tress and aquatic life (Chapter3 59). There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, burning of coal and oil to produce electric power adds Sulfur into the atmosphere. Secondly, Refining of Sulfur containing petroleum is done to give gasoline, heating oil and many other products. Thirdly, metallic mineral ores containing Sulfur are converted into free metals like copper, lead and zinc, this process releases huge amount of Sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere (Chapter3 59). Hydrologic cycle The solar energy causes evaporation of water vapour on the earth’s surface into the atmosphere. Fresh water then returns to the earth’s surface as precipitation which gets locked in glaciers, some water gets stored in the ground as aquifers and the rest becomes surface runoff, which means water flows into lakes and streams, eventually flowing into the oceans. This process of evaporation, precipitation and percolation is a continuous cycle and is called the Water or Hydrologic cycle. This is therefore a global cycle that that collects, purifies, distributes and recycles the earth’s water supply (Chapter3 53, 54). There are three main ways by which humans are affected, they are as follows – Firstly, fresh water is obtained from streams, lakes and underground water. Secondly, land vegetation is cleared to build roads and construction buildings, for mining and for agricultural purposes. This process destroys wetlands and causes soil erosion, landslides and flooding. Thirdly, various nutrients in the form of fertilizers (phosphates and nitrates) and other pollutants are added to water causing imbalance in the ecological process that involves the purification of water (Chapter3 54, 55). Works Cited Chapter 3. Ecosystems: What are they and how do they work? Environmental Science Now. http://biology.brookscole.com/miller11 How to cite Nutrition cycle, Essay examples

Concept of a User Pays System in Aged Care- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theConcept of a User Pays System in Aged Care for Consumers. Answer: The user pays model is an essential feature in the modern world health care systems. It based on the idea that the most efficient allocation of resources occurs when the consumer pays the full cost of services provided. Baldwin, et al (2017) explains that this model focuses on the need to promote independence, well-being and quality life for older people in the most effective way possible. There are many positive and negative aspects that revolve around this system in reference to both consumers and service providers. The aim of this discussion is to demonstrate that proper service provision and resource allocation is important for older people receiving care. It is generally acknowledged that people pay for various forms of services and these services vary depending on ones need. The concept of user pays system supports the idea of horizontal equity in that someone pays only for the services that he/she benefits from hence someone does not have to pay services targeting someone else. Service provision is essential especially in examining cost of aged care services to consumers. This discussion will be outlining the various aspects of user pays system in aged care and the effectiveness of this system in health care. It will focus on how services are provided for the aged and the way resources are allocated to older people receiving health care. Health is not an absolute factor argues Ravenswood, Douglas, Haar, (2018) and therefore is affected by certain factors including age. Since the elderly are part of the vulnerable population in any society, their health needs to be observed and taken care of. User pays system provides a way in which their health can be monitored more keenly and in a way that suites the consumer by the service provider at a certain cost. User pays unlike universal health care or the principle of ability to pay offers these health services to the elderly in a more effective way since the consumer pays for a specific health care service. Resource allocation usually financial is done with reference to most outstanding medical needs and the consumers preference since he/she pays for the needed service. For example, an elderly might prefer receiving health care in a nursing home and afford to pay for the service. In cases where the financial resources are limited the service provider might opt to treat the most life threatening disorder within an elderly with multiple infections if it falls within the cost paid. Since most elderly people are no longer working and cannot afford some of this services it is understandable to have medical covers that cover for these charges at retirement or having family members who are working pay for them so that they access the services more efficiently as compares to government subsidies that are not comprehensive to cover for all services (Villarosa, Wang, George, 2018). There are several positive aspects regarding user pay systems in aged care that have impacted the health sector in the world today. These include a significant decline in mortality rate of the elderly since the service delivery is more effective. The service provision is done at a cost that they can afford and at their own convenience. For example they dont have to travel at their old age to seek medical attention since medical services can be delivered at their homes. The introduction of nursing homes has also made services available to the elderly at any time as long as they pay the required fee. Medical equipment also become more available to them for those who can afford to obtain them. User pays system has also decongested public hospitals since the consumers can access private facilities at their own comfort. The elderly also do not have to depend on government subsidies so as to access healthcare hence can obtain comprehensive medical care whenever need arises. According to Greenfield, et al (2016) this system allows the elderly to be insured for medical covers incases of any emergencies. User pays model has helped improve the quality of life of older people by increasing knowledge of prevention of diseases and offering information on self-management since the healthcare provider becomes closer to the individual consumer. Barrie, (2017) holds that the quality of life also improves since the diet can be easily observed and advised in the user pays model hence preventing diet related diseases that the elderly are predisposed to such as diabetes, heart failure and stroke. The user pays model in aged care also helps in preventing emergency related cases that might affect the old since the health care provider is mostly with the consumer. The user pays model has also negative aspects despite its positive side. Since the consumer has to pay a certain amount to receive a particular service it can be considered by some to be expensive especially when dealing with the old. Since most of the elderly do not have jobs and have retired they may not able to afford some services that they might be requiring hence they ought to depend on the working population or government subsidies to cover for them which might not always be certain. According to Ratnanesan, et al (2014) the service delivery might not as well live up to the standards of the consumers. Since they pay for the services, it is expected of the providers to live up to a certain expectation in delivering the services which might not always be the case as the service might turn out to be poor or delayed thereby in convincing the consumer. User pays model in aged care may involve nursing homes where the elderly live together and are taken care of by non-relatives and this may have an emotional effect on them however minimal since their relatives are not around especially in cases where the old person care is paid for. The care giver may as well not offer enough emotional support since they are just being paid for the services and not emotional support. The care giver may therefore be deficient in such areas. There might also be deficiencies in the care giving environment since the elderly are vulnerable to accidents hence it would cost more to introduce home modifications that allow easy locomotion and accessibility. It is therefore clear that both positive and negative issues face the user pays model of care in aged care and that organizations should be keen in minimizing the negative mistakes that could occur. According to Blackler, et al (2016) evaluation of the user pays model in aged care in service provision involves around how the services are provided. Since the old people cannot properly take care of themselves due to decreased activity and since they cannot move up and about to seek health care services, the services are mainly brought to them at their residential homes or nursing homes. The quality of the services provided is essential and in most cases depends on the cost. Since the consumer pays a certain amount of money to receive the service, it has to live up to the expectation of the cost. Therefore in many cases the more expensive a service is the better the quality of services delivered though it might not always be the case since the cost might be constant as is the quality of the service provided. However since the service provision is more direct in this model, the quality of the services provided is good and better than where the services are more public and free (Nagata, et al 2016). This model has proven to be more effective as compared to other models since the service delivery is guaranteed. The aged care service provision is direct and hence there is no delay since the care giver is payed to look after the elderly. The allocation of health care resources involves a societal determination of what resources should be devoted to a particular program (Williams, 2015). Since it is a unanimous obligation of every society to take care of the elderly, a considerably good amount of healthcare resources is allocated to the elderly. In the user pay model, financial resources raised by relatives or individual are targeted to provide care for the elderly. However, since health care resources are growing scarce rationing is being directed to the elderly as well by the governments of various countries including the United States of America. Sugimoto, Ogata, Kashiwagi, (2016) have argued that an integral part of a rationing system is to ration care among the elderly thereby restricting expensive, high technology, life sustaining care for those who have reached a certain age. Implicit in this argument is the principle that elderly health care represents an investment of scarce resources with limited returns. In conclusion, health care sectors and organizations are working hand in hand to ensure proper health service delivery is improved for all consumers using the user pays model. There are several issues both negative and positive raised by this model and organizations look towards handling them in a more careful manner. The user pays model for aged care is proving to be quite useful if handled properly. The key focus is seeing the implementation and proper allocation of resources for aged care. Hence the user pays model needs close attention so as to minimize the negatives and add on the positives. References Baldwin, R., Chenoweth, L., dela Rama, M., Wang, A. Y. (2017). Does size matter in aged care facilities? A literature review of the relationship between the number of facility beds and quality. Health care management review, 42(4), 315-327. Barrie, H. (2017). Retirement villages capitalise on aged care changes. Australian Ageing Agenda, (Jul/Aug 2017), 18. Blackler, A. L., Chamorro-Koc, M., O'Reilly, M., Brophy, C. (2016). Seating in aged care: A report prepared for LifeCare Furniture Pty Ltd. Greenfield, D., Milne, J., Eljiz, K., Butler-Henderson, K., Siddiqui, N. (2016). an investigation of participants experiences and perceptions of the joint acute and aged care accreditation survey pilot in two health services. Lea, E. J., Andrews, S., Stronach, M., Marlow, A., Robinson, A. L. (2017). Using action research to build mentor capacity to improve orientation and quality of nursing students aged care placements: what to do when the phone rings. Journal of clinical nursing, 26(13-14), 1893-1905. Nagata, S., Asahara, T., Wang, C., Suyama, Y., Chonan, O., Takano, K., Yamashiro, Y. (2016). The effectiveness of Lactobacillus beverages in controlling infections among the residents of an aged care facility: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 68(1), 51-59. Ratnanesan, A., Howarth, P., Cross, M., Australia, C. M., Ackland, M., ANZ, P. G. H., ... Mann, D. (2014). Future Solutions in Australian Healthcare~ White Paper. Ravenswood, K., Douglas, J., Haar, J. (2018). Physical and verbal abuse, work demands, training and job satisfaction amongst aged-care employees in the home and community sector. Labour Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work, 1-17. Rayner, R., Carville, K., Leslie, G., Dhaliwal, S. S. (2017). Measurement of morphological and physiological skin properties in aged care residents: a testretest reliability pilot study. International wound journal, 14(2), 420-429. Sugimoto, K., Ogata, Y., Kashiwagi, M. (2016). Factors promoting resident deaths at aged care facilities in Japan: a review. Health social care in the community. Villarosa, A. R., Wang, D., George, A. (2018). Oral health in residential aged care: Are nurses bearing the brunt of a multidisciplinary solution?. Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 25(7), 46-46. Williams, C. (2015). Aged care an afterthought in PMs Ministry for the 21 st century Elder Care Watch calls on the new Minister for Aged Care to take a close look at the SA Innovation Hub trial.

Benefits and challenges of Big Data For Business And Customers

Question: Discuss about the Big Data For Business And Customers. Answer: Benefits, opportunities and challenges of big data for business and customers Big data is providing access to the data that are available. Due to expansion of big data into the platforms of business intelligence, the professionals can expand analytics. The use of information technology can reduce the healthcare cost while it improves the quality of the services (Mahajan, Gaba and Chauhan 2016). Lowering the cost as well as enabling the efficiencies is considered as critical goals of the healthcare service provider. Another benefit of the big data is that it optimizes clinical trials by preventing errors, reduction of cost and making sure for compliance. The data points are presented into analytic as well as reporting virtualizations that help the service provider to improve and develop their service quality (Ammu and Irfanuddin 2013). With use of the big data, the organization analyzes the root causes of both failures as well as issues in the real time. It also personalizes the experience of the customers and the risks are quickly identified. In some of the business organization, big data plays a significant role in security. The big data analytics are used in some areas of cyber security such as it allows the business to start play an offense against the attackers (Jakobik 2016). In this way, they can prevent the vulnerabilities. New and advanced technologies are increasing the use of big data in current era. The business organization is using of big data for purpose of business intelligence, predictive analytics as well as data mining tasks. While the benefits of the big data are real, there are also some technical challenges of big data. One of the challenges is that there is difficulty in generating right metadata so that it can describe the data, how it is verified and measured. There is lack of coordination among the database systems (Michael and Miller 2013). The system can host of data and give query for the SQL. For large decades, management of large and high volume of big data becomes a challenge. Large time is required to analyze the data set. However, there are some cases when the data required analyzing immediately, therefore that time it becomes a problem. The biggest challenge of big data is privacy issues (Ammu and Irfanuddin 2013). The data which are stored within the database system are not handled properly and sometimes, they are accessed by any third party person. Therefore, the data are shared with an unauthorized person. References Ammu, N. and Irfanuddin, M., 2013. Big Data Challenges.International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering,2(1), pp.613-615. Jakbik, A., 2016. Big Data Security. InResource Management for Big Data Platforms(pp. 241-261). Springer International Publishing. Mahajan, P., Gaba, G. and Chauhan, N.S., 2016. Big Data Security.IITM Journal of Management and IT,7(1), pp.89-94. Michael, K. and Miller, K.W., 2013. Big data: New opportunities and new challenges [guest editors' introduction].Computer,46(6), pp.22-24.

The Role of the Project Manager Is to Command and Control free essay sample

Being an effective project manager is among the most challenging jobs in the industry for two reasons. First it requires management skills and abilities different from those required in a traditional functional management position. Second, there are very few training opportunities available to those moving into the project management. Thornberry, Neal E. October 1987]. This article addresses the roles and responsibility of a project manager which in today’s modern techniques are not only restricted to command and control but spread out far beyond these factors. Project manager lead the overall effort of project management. Due to their multidiscipline and highly interdependent nature, projects, more then any other form of organizational and managerial work, demand a leader to motivate the team members. All activity is initiated and performed by people, not by reporting tools or procedure. A good project manager must be task oriented i. e. command and control techniques but also people oriented. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Project Manager Is to Command and Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) suggest that project managers stem from various backgrounds, possess relevant skills and competencies, and are required to govern a project throughout its life-cycle [(CIOB, 2002, p. )]. The implication is that a PM not only manages their team, but leads the team: leading by example, by gaining the trust and respect from their team through motivating, co-ordinating and maintaining morale. However, they must also utilise a range of other skills while leading the team to successfully deliver the project. [Griffith and Watson (2004, p. 31)] suggest that the person seen as the construction project manager executes many of the â€Å"classical† functions i. e. conducts, controls, and administers. Various sources of literature discuss the roles executed by the construction industrys project managers and the skills they require in order to be able to effectively manage their team towards successful delivery of a project. [Sommerville and Dalziel (1998)], when reviewing project manager’s role, clearly demonstrated the diversity of the role set and the then predominant roles. [Fryer (2004, p. 17)] states that managers can influence the way in which their subordinates behave either positively or negatively and argues that project managers engage in: planning, organising, directing, controlling and, developing staff. Griffith and Watson (2004, p. 31)] describe the vital functions of a project manager as: forecasting, planning, organising, controlling, motivating, co-ordinating and communicating. They asked 50 construction managers to rank these seven functions in order of importance; the results established then are shown in Table I. Motivating and forecasting were perceived to be the least important functions and yet it is clear that in contemporary practice, a project manager must have the ability to motivate his team in order to successfully complete the project, and also to clearly forecast how progress is against a pre-determined plan. Under pressure managers are more likely to use a command and control style of leadership during a recession, but a leadership expert claims that whatever the economic climate, it is the wrong way to go about improving corporate performance. Scott Watson, managing director of UK and Bahrain based Summit Consulting and Training, which has trained and supported more than 10,000 executives and managers in the UK and Arabian Gulf, says autocratic management styles stifle creativity, undermine staff morale, destroy trust and ruin the potential for any worthwhile collaboration to maximise organisational effectiveness. People work harder when they feel they are making a positive difference, an intrinsic motivation. The command and control management style works through extrinsic motivators such as threats, authority, and even monetary incentives, all of which prevent or even replace employees’ natural intrinsic motivation. A management style that gives people ownership of their methods, tools, and results, and in which people can feel good about collaborating with and helping those around them (co-workers, customers, and suppliers) provides intrinsic motivation, and people work hard because they like the way it makes them feel, and feel important and appreciated — the â€Å"psychological pay† principle. Everyone wants to feel good about themselves, but command and control takes that feeling away from them. People work harder for someone they respect, and preferably like. A manager who understands that the workers in the trenches usually see the organization’s challenges and problems better than he or she can, can gain their input and support their efforts more effectively than a â€Å"commander† who assumes he or she knows, or is expected to know, more than their subordinates. This attitude only alienates subordinates and loses their loyalty, respect, and input. It may even move them to undermine the organization’s performance in subtle ways in an effort, possibly never acknowledged, and probably in a form that can’t be identified, that is based in nothing so much as a desire for revenge. People work harder when they’re not doing it under threat. Some command and control-styled managers use subtle threats to do their job, and may unwittingly put employees in a situation where they can’t see a way to succeed. The results can be disastrous as far as morale and work performance, not only for the employee placed in that position, but for their co-workers who will see what is going on and fear being put in such a position themselves[On effective management 2008] The above discussion above will lead you to a better understanding of how command and control can be used in an effective manner. Over command and control can lead to employee un-satisfaction and result in lack of interest and employee will feel lack of respect, thus giving a decreased desire to contribute Therefore, a project manager should be able to balance his authoritative skills and employee relationship in an effective and efficient manner.

A New Use For The Prefix Cis-

A New Use For The Prefix Cis- A New Use For The Prefix Cis- A New Use For The Prefix Cis- By Maeve Maddox Writing about gendered pronouns recently, I mentioned that â€Å"cis female† is a gender choice on Facebook. The prefix cis- derives from a Latin preposition meaning â€Å"on this side of.† Cisalpine Gaul, for example, was the part of Gaul located on the Italian side of the Alps. The part on the far side of the Alps was Transalpine Gaul. More familiar prefixes derived from Latin prepositions are trans, â€Å"across, on the other side† and circum, â€Å"around.† One of their uses is to indicate location, as in this example: Armitage boldly observes, We are all Atlanticists now. Then, he defines three approaches to Atlantic history, which he calls Cis-Atlantic, Trans-Atlantic, and Circum-Atlantic. Circum-Atlantic history is the history of the people who crossed the Atlantic, who lived on its shores and who participated in the communities it made possible.- Review of The British Atlantic World, 1500-1800. Chemists use cis- as a prefix and as a free-standing adjective to designate â€Å"a compound in which two atoms or groups are situated on the same side of some plane of symmetry passing through the compound.† Here are some gender-related terms that are beginning to appear in the media: cisgender cissexual cis man cis woman cissexism cissexual assumption Here are examples of their usage: â€Å"Cissexual assumption†Ã‚  is a phrase coined by Julia Serano for her claim that  cissexual  people assume that all people experience  gender identity  in the same way. It seems that some of this trans woman hatred from cisgender women  is based on a fear that perhaps they are taking something from us. I’m a Cis Girl in Love with a Trans Guy. Cis writers in every media form are jumping on the trans  story  train. Cis- is the logical choice of prefix to denote â€Å"assigned at birth† in contrast with transgender, â€Å"not conforming to birth gender.† Unfortunately, with all such labels, the danger exists that cis may become an abusive epithet. The other evening, I heard the term â€Å"cis male† used in an episode of Blue Bloods. The character, a college girl, referred to another character as â€Å"a cis male.† Her facial expression and tone of voice made it clear that she was not using the term as a neutral designation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesOn Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfAdvance vs. Advanced

Longitudinal Strategic Development Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Longitudinal Strategic Development Study - Essay Example The past twenty-five years may be described as growing years. From its creation in 1971 up 2006 before the big fall of its share price, the company was observed adopting growing and expansion strategies as a logical explanation of its continued stock price. See Appendix A. The dramatic ascension of Starbucks from a single coffee store in Seattle’s Pike Place market to a Fortune 500 company in 2009 could now be considered an American business legend that would show a different kind of entrepreneurial skill from the founders and managers. A critical development that contributed to its expansion strategies involved the hiring of Howard Schultz as Director of Retail Operations and Marketing. Mr. Schultz who operated a coffee bar chain eventually bought the company from the original owners led by Baldwin. After rebranding his coffee chain into Starbucks, he eventually became the Chairman and CEO of the company and continues to occupy the position even at present. Mr. Schultz was th en living in New York as he managed the U.S. operations of a Swedish kitchenware company. It was his being fascinated about ordering large quantities of an unusual kind of coffee filter by a small Seattle company, Starbucks coffee, that caused the man to visit the store in 1981. Starbucks owners-mangers named Gerald Baldwin and Gordon Bowker, who had been running the company for a decade had hired Schultz who was earlier fascinated by â€Å"the vision of a national chain of coffee stores†.  

Competition Law in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Competition Law in Business - Essay Example Ilovemoneyalot, a telecommunication firm has a bigger market share as compared to other competitors such as Alfa and Beta. The move by the CEO of Ilovemoneyalot telecommunication to lure the other businesses to lower their prices of their products and services is against the competition laws. This is undertaking the dominant position the company enjoys to foreclose the market whereby the growth of other businesses will be limited. In Turkey, Competition Act, it prohibits the abuse by business undertaking of their dominant position. The abuse can take both the vertical and the horizontal form. According to the Act, a vertical agreement is the agreements carried out by business undertaking at different levels of production or distribution chain in order to produce or sell goods and services. Intellectual and Artistic work Act governs the rights of any musical or artwork done by someone from copyright infringements. It is intended to establish and safeguard moral and economic rights of the authors who create these artistic or intellectual works. In this case, Arthur, the songwriter and singer of â€Å"Beautiful Maria of My Life† did presents his song to his lover as present during her birthday. The girlfriend goes ahead to reproduce the song to the shock of Arthur. According to the Act, performing the song at part of the birthday party to Arthur’s girlfriend did not transfer intellectual or artistic rights and hence can sue for the copyright.

Wireless Communication: Applications and Limitations

Wireless Communication: Applications and Limitations Wireless Communications INTRODUCTION First of all, the meaning of wireless must be clearly identified: Wireless communications are the technology that uses any type of waves to substitute the use of cables and wires in order to create links (or a certain kind of connectivity) between different devices; such waves can be radio waves, infrared waves, or microwaves. Even though many people think that wireless communication is a new form of technology, the truth is that many devices that already existed for many decades use wireless technology, in one way or another, to accomplish the tasks or to deliver the services that they were designed for. Such devices include radio and television transmission-reception devices, military communication devices and many more. Mostly, such technology was being utilised only by governments and large organisations. The difference that appeared in the last few years is the one that involves computer systems and other related pieces of equipment and that which involves telephony and communications, which made it possible for individuals and small and medium organisations to have access to such technology and to be able to use it for specific and personalised uses. WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Today, wireless communications are growing steadily in almost all sectors, which include home and individual uses, organisational and governmental uses, and scientific and research institutional uses as well. This is evident in every aspect of connectivity that is present and that is available for each person of us; mobile phones (especially those classified as smart-phones) are the most wide-spread devices that utilise wireless communications for almost all the requirements that wireless technology provides; this includes wireless voice connections, data and messaging connections, and multimedia (audio and video) exchange links. For those devices to be able to accomplish that, they cover most of the types of frequencies that are available through the use of technologies such as infrared, Bluetooth, WiFi, GSM and much more. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are the most significant technological advancement since the beginning of the computer (and the Internet) age. Such technology provides the possibility of active connectivity to companies, universities, schools, research institutions, and even entities of a far smaller nature. A growing number of homes is now applying WLANs because it can provide the users with the same kind of service without the need for cables. Prasad and Ruggieri (2003) give more details about WLANs by stating that â€Å"WLAN systems are a technology that can provide very high data rate applications and individual links (e.g., in company campus areas, conference centers, airports) and represents an attractive way of setting up computers networks in environments where cable installation is expensive or not feasible. They represent the coming together of two of the fastest-growing segments of the computer industry: LANs and mobile computing, thus recalling the attention of equipment manufactures. This shows their high potential and justifies the big attention paid to WLAN by equipment manufacturers. Whereas in the early beginning of WLANs several proprietary products existed, nowadays they are mostly conform to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE) 802.11b (also known as Wi-Fi) standard. It operates in the unlicenced 2.4-GHz band at 11 Mbps and it is currently extended to reach 20 Mbps.† When talking about wireless computer connectivity, it must be stated that there are two methods in which it operates today. The first is the â€Å"Ad Hoc mode, or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). This is a peer-to-peer wireless network. This means that it does not have an access point controlling the conversation.† This method is usually used for small networks which consist of five or less users. Its point of access which â€Å"manages the conversions is gone and the clients send beacons to each other These beacons contain a timer synchronization function (TSF) to ensure that the timing is correct. This function is usually handled in the access point.† The second method is â€Å"the Infrastructure mode, which is called Extended Basic Service Set (EBSS). This is the main type of wireless network. In an EBSS, an access point controls all traffic. Setting up a wireless network in this category requires a piece of networking equipment referred to as an access point. This access point is where the Ethernet data is converted into a wireless signal that is then transferred out through the access point’s antenna. To hear and understand this signal, a wireless network interface card is needed. This card has a small antenna inside it and can hear the wireless signal and transfer it to the computer† (Earle, 2006). As is the case for what concerns wired computer networks, wireless networks are either Wide Area Networks (WAN) or Local Area Networks (LAN). As for the wireless LANs, Vacca (2003) explains that â€Å"wireless data local-area networks (WiFi LANs) have surged in popularity. WiFi LANs provide network access only for approximately 300 ft around each access point, but provide for bandwidth up to 11 Mbps for the IEEE 802.11b protocol, and up to 100 Mbps for the emerging 802.11a protocol. Best of all, the technology is available now and affordable† and the author explains that their reduced cost of deployment, compared to that of the wired LANs, made them more attractive in what concerns the enlargement of corporate networks to other locations: â€Å"The wireless data LAN is a ‘nice and clean’ extension to an office’s wired LAN. Wireless data LANs are attractive to offices that want to enable workers to take laptops into a conference room. Wireless data has a place now† According to the author, â€Å"WiFi is especially popular in the manufacturing, distribution, and retail industries† Liska (2003) explains that the main purpose of using wireless WAN technology is to enable the connection to the Internet and to allow the connection between different offices (of a certain company, for example) that are located in different geographical locations. The author states that â€Å"Wireless WANs have emerged as a low-cost alternative to a traditional method of Internet access. Wireless WAN connection can offer the same amount of bandwidth as a T1, at a fraction of the cost. Wireless connections are also being deployed in areas where cable and DSL access is not available.† Another form of wireless networks is the Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). In this type, the infrastructure network is not required as there is no need for a central link (or main connection of reference) as the connection is created between specific small devices and users within a given location. The main basic idea behind personal area network is the possibility to inter-connect two or more user-devices within a space of small coverage (that is not more than 10m) where ad hoc communication takes place which is also called personal operating space (POS). â€Å"The network is aimed at interconnecting portable and mobile computing devices such as laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), peripherals, cellular phones, digital cameras, headsets, and other electronics devices† (Prasad and Ruggieri, 2003). To give more details about this kind of wireless network, Vacca (2003) states that â€Å"the term ad hoc connectivity refers to both the ability for a device to assume either master or slave functionality and the ease in which devices may join or leave an existing network. The Bluetooth radio system has emerged as the first technology addressing WDPAN applications with its salient features of low power consumption, small package size, and low cost. Wireless data rates for Bluetooth devices are limited to 1 Mbps, although actual throughput is about half this data rate. A Bluetooth communication link also supports up to three voice channels with very limited or no additional bandwidth for bursty wireless data traffic.† For what concerns the standards of wireless networking, we find that for many years the systems were dependant on manufacturers, and this created problems regarding the compatibility of different systems with one another; that is why many standards are now present for use with the wireless systems. â€Å"This made the industry push the IEEE to make some wireless standards and help facilitate the growth of wireless with common standards that allowed various manufacturer cards to work with various manufacturer wireless networks† The standards used today include the 802.11 standard which â€Å"was the first WLAN standard accepted by multiple vendors as a true industry standard,† Other standards are 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11c, and the 802.11g which was approved by the IEEE in 2003. There are other standards such as â€Å"The 802.11i standard [which is] a security standard that can apply to other 802.11 standards† and there is the 802.11j which is â€Å"for use in Jap an only† (Earle, 2006). According to Pallato (2004), a unified 802.11n Wi-Fi will be widely used soon. The 802.11n â€Å"is based on a new radio technology called MIMO (multiple input/multiple output) that allows the transmission of up to 100M bps over a much wider range than the earlier versions.† This will certainly be a step in the right direction in attempting to unify all the wireless standards into one technology that can be accessible to everyone anywhere. But this unification is facing problems and delays: Reardon (2006) explains that â€Å"the new standard that will allow notebook users to connect to wireless access points at much faster speeds than is currently available [will be delayed].. The IEEE approved a draft version of the standard called 802.11n, after much controversy and infighting among chipmakers. A second draft was due for the standard by late fall of this year [2006], but now a new draft won’t likely be ready until January 2007. This could push back the final ratifica tion of the standard until 2008 The delay in adopting a standard has been caused by the nearly 12,000 changes to the draft that have been submitted to the standards group†. The future of the wireless communications technologies is promising; this is because more mobility and speed are the most required factors in what concerns inter-connectivity, they are certainly more desired than the wired options, especially that the cost and the security options are being improved constantly. â€Å"Though still an imperfect technology, wireless data LANs are, nonetheless, booming and remain at least one market segment that’s expected to achieve its anticipated growth rate. IDC forecasts worldwide wireless data LAN semiconductor revenue alone to grow at a 30 percent compound annual growth rate during the next 4 years. And, 68 percent of networking solution providers already deploy wireless data LANs and WANs† (Vacca, 2003). As can be seen by now, wireless technologies are becoming more requested and more used by all sectors of users, from large organisations to schools to home and office users. The overwhelming success of the mobile phone devices (especially the smart-phones with the possibility to have Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Infrared links) will force the industry to grow faster and to provide the instruments and the hardware needed for its propagation for lower prices. One of the emerging realities of today is what is called ‘Wi-Fi covered towns’: The more hotspots (or Wi-Fi access points) there will be available in homes, offices, coffee shops, restaurants, and bookstores, the more the ‘covered city’ concept can be put to practice. And with the arrival of the $100-smarphone by the year 2008, more and more people will find themselves directly inside the wireless age. Some are already talking about providing the Wi-Fi service through traditional radio frequencies, and with that , what we were accustomed to in what concerns TV reception can be used for wireless connections to the internet, and through that to the entire world. According to Long (2006), â€Å"One of the latest WLAN technologies [and one of those that are expected to flourish within the next 5 years], MIMO, or multiple-input multiple-output, splits the connection workload [within a LAN] into multiple data streams for increased range and throughput. Another technology, OFDM, or orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, is a technique for transmitting large amounts of digital data over radio waves.† The future of communications is already known: Every individual will be able to get connected to any group of users he/she chooses, will be connected to his work network on the move and at his home and even when he/she is on vacation with no PDA or laptop. This is why the future seems to be revolving around the WPANs. The Wireless network installation and application will be extremely cheap that continuing with wired networks will be totally unacceptable by all means. APPLICATIONS Even if the beginning of the wireless applications was focused on applications related to vertical markets such as retail, warehousing, and manufacturing, â€Å"current growth is being driven by other market segments. These include enterprise, small office/home office, telecommunications/Internet service provider (ISP) and the public access throughput compared to cellular mobiles networks are the lead drivers for wireless LAN deployment. Voice over IP (VoIP) is also expected to drive this technology in the future† (Smyth, 2004). Vacca (2003) explains that an entire range of applications and services are either dependent on wireless technology or are to be deployed depending on it. The author mentions the service of Triangulation which can be (and is being) used to locate the position of a mobile device through measuring the distance from two or more known points. Another application is Assisted GPS for determining the exact geographic position of the device in use. One important service that is also mentioned is the High-Resolution Maps service. Another important application of wireless networks is the one given to rural areas and locations where no cable or wire related new technologies can reach, for this the wireless technology can be deployed through satellite. â€Å"A new breed of satellite technologies and services allows providers to bring high-speed, always-on, two-way access to the planet’s farthest reaches. For example, McLean, Virginia–based StarBand Communications (a joint venture of Israeli satellite powerhouse Gilat Satellite Networks, EchoStar Communications, and Microsoft) is the first company to launch two-way consumer service in the United States.† The potentials for wireless applications are endless in virtually all sectors. Such applications can be used for workers and sales employees, for warehouse personnel who order parts, for accountants who generate invoices, and for transportations companies such as DHL and UPS. â€Å"New applications are appearing at an ever-increasing rate. Mobile workers, such as salespeople, field service technicians, and delivery people, are an obvious target for new wireless applications. Wireless technology applications can arm these workers with tools and data access capabilities that were previously limited to desk-bound employees† (Hayes, 2003). With wireless communications, data transfer (especially of larger files, such as those related to multimedia audio and video and huge reports and presentations) will become easier whenever the mobile devices become improved in order to utilise higher bandwidths and faster access possibilities. TV and video streaming to wireless devices has already started and the improvements will keep on appearing. There are no limits to the applications of wireless technology. We have already reached the technological know-how that enables us to realise almost all the desired wireless applications, and the cost of their deployment and use will drop until it becomes more common than anything else. Any innovation in the wireless technology camp will be profitable to the manufacturers and desired by the users, mobility is something that is becoming more essential for any organisation or individual that aims at success. â€Å"Wireless Applications are in their Internet infancy and awaiting broader bandwidth. As this becomes available the scope for applications on a cost-per-view basis will increase. Of particular interest for the future are the attempts to commercialize WWW by offering software, which relies on the WWWs free infrastructure to be viable, on pay-per-use basis† (Bidgoli, 2004). PROBLEMS As mentioned earlier, one of the most important problems facing the wireless technology today is the different standards used by different manufacturers, but this is a problem that is supposed to be resolved shortly. The real important issue is security. Earle (2006) mentions some of the security related issues such as Analysis (â€Å"the viewing, recording, or eavesdropping of a signal that is not intended for the party who is performing the analysis†), Spoofing (â€Å"impersonating an authorized client, device, or user to gain access to a resource that is protected by some form of authentication or authorization†), Wireless Denial-of-Service (â€Å"achieved with small signal jammers†), and Malicious Code (which can be used to â€Å"infect and corrupt network devices†). These risks are present in both wireless computer networks and in mobile devices such as mobile phones and PDAs. The major solutions for this are encryption and authentication solutions in various kinds and modalities. But still, the security issue is the most important reason for delay concerning the movement of all the applications and services toward the wireless realm. Another problem is the bandwidth; most mobile devices need to be developed further in order to turn the experience of using them into one that is similar to desktop computers and wired LAN connected devices. Works Cited Prasad, R. and Ruggieri, M. (2003) Technology Trends in Wireless Communications. Boston, MA: Artech House Publishers. Earle, A. E. (2006) Wireless Security Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications. Liska, A. (2003) The Practice of Network Security: deployment strategies for production environments. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Vacca, J. R. (2003) Wireless Data Demystified. New York, NY: McGraw-HIll Companies, Inc. Pallato, J. (2004) Unified 802.11n Wi-Fi Standard to Emerge in Mid-2006. eWeek.com.[Accessed 22nd January 2007]. Available from World Wide Web:  http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1735082,00.asp> Reardon, M. (2006). New Wi-Fi standard delayed again. ZDNet Tech News. [Accessed 21st January 2007]. Available from World Wide Web:  http://news.zdnet.com/2100-1035_22-6105494.html> Long, M. (2006) The Future of Wireless Networks. Newfactor.com. [Accessed 20th January 2007]. Available from World Wide Web:  http://www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=41852> Smyth, P. (2004) Mobile and Wireless Communications:: Key Technologies and Future Applications. London, UK: The Institution of Electrical Engineers. Hayes, I. S. (2003) Just Enough Wireless Computing. Upper Saddler River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Bidgoli, H. (2004) The Internet Encyclopedia. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Is it better to be an Assigned or Self-Initiated Expatriate in Japan? Is it better to be an Assigned or Self-Initiated Expatriate in Japan? Research Question: Is it better to be an Assigned or Self-Initiated Expatriate in Japan? Technology is the backbone of this ever-evolving generation. Japan is not only one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world, but, is also an internationally recognized hotspot for people who are looking to expatriate, and to make a promising future in this culturally un-paralleled location. This report will examine the benefits and disadvantages of being either a Company Assigned Expatriate (AE/CAE/OE) or a Self-Initiated Expatriate (SIE) in Japan. Aspects such as; motivation, job satisfaction, cross-cultural adjustment, family factors, compensation, and success factors will be taken into consideration, in this report. To begin the report, it is important to understand what some of the primary differences between assigned expatriates and self-initiated expatriates actually are. First of all, the â€Å"assigned expatriate† refers to a person who is sent abroad to another country, by the company they are working for, or are sponsored by. While, the â€Å"self-initiated expatriate† refers to a person who goes to another country of their choosing, in pursuit of a better life, often trying to find work on their own. A study done by Torsten Biemann and Maike Andresen, found that SIEs â€Å"start their international careers at a younger age, have a higher organizational mobility, and expect higher benefits from international experiences for their future careers† (2010). This implies that SIEs may often be recent graduates, or other young people who do not see much of a career opportunity in their home country, and seek bigger and better things abroad. These expatriates are also more l ikely to change or rethink their career paths, as compared to AEs, since they have more freedom to do what they would like to, as they were not brought into the country from an employer. Also, from leaving their home country, they would have a notion of achieving more, and have a broader list of goals than AEs, as again, nothing is set-up for them to feel like they are limited. They do not feel like career growth only stems from the company that they are linked to, unlike AEs. However, assigned expatriates seem to be more driven by the career factors in accordance to the company that sent them there, and may have more experience than SIEs – which seems to be more attractive to employers. Self-initiated expatriation, in most cases, is not an easy task. It requires much motivation, determination, and the ability to take risks. A SIE has to commit to the idea of leaving everything behind and going off to a foreign country – with some level of uncertainty pertaining to their future. The research done by Jan Selmer and Jakob Lauring discovers that SIEs may be motivated to expatriate because they are either; escaping from unfavourable conditions in their home country – â€Å"the refugee†, seeking financial stability – â€Å"the mercenary†, travelling to a favourable destination – â€Å"the explorer†, or finally, in pursuit of career success – â€Å"the architect† (2012). Furthermore, another study by the two, Jan Selmer and Jakob Lauring, finds that; younger SIEs â€Å"were more motivated by adventure, career and money when choosing to expatriate† (2010). What this means, is that the SIEs that belong to â€Å"the refugee† role, are most often older, may have already started a family, and most likely already have adequate work experience, prior to expatriating. However, self-initiated expatriates still consist of more young people and recent graduates on average, as compared to assigned expatriates. Japan is known for having a relatively low average fertility rate, as compared to the rest of the world (Boling, 2008). This may negatively impact young SIEs that are trying to start a family in Japan. More often, AEs, on the other hand, will go abroad with families they have already started in their home countries. AEs are also less likely to start a family in Japan, as they are aware of the fact that they are only there for a finite amount of time. Therefore, it may not be as big as a problem to AEs, on an average. Assigned expatriates are motivated to go abroad for career driven objectives, and will often not look as the new country (Japan) as â€Å"home†, but rather, a stepping-stone in the projection of their careers. SIEs would more often, treat Japan as a new cultural experience, and will end up staying longer than AEs, or even ind efinitely – unless they do not find success or happiness in Japan. For AEs; â€Å"career-related factors appeared significantly more important to their decision to move abroad, indicating that their desire for an international experience is explicitly coupled with career development and progression† (Doherty, Dickmann, Mills, 2011). This implies that, AEs might not have the same level of appreciation for Japan, as a SEI would, and it may contribute to a significantly less level of enjoyment and fulfillment while abroad. It is also important to understand which roles assigned expatriates and self-initiated expatriates often tend to fill in organizations, upon expatriating. These roles can end up defining or being the highlight of these expatriates’ careers. According to Phyllis Tharenou, the five main purposes of assigned expatriates is to: First, to set up a new operation and establish foreign operations in their early stages; second, to fill a skills gap; third, to develop managers international skills; fourth, to transfer company culture and knowledge to a foreign operation and gain feedback from it; and fifth, to supply the top manager and control the operation and coordinate with headquarters. (2013) This entails that assigned expatriates are given great responsibility and a high position within the organization when expatriated, which also implies that self-initiated expatriates would have to spent more time in the company to work up to that same level, since; â€Å"SIEs are most likely to be: an unsuitable alternative to CAEs for roles requiring firm-specific knowledge† (Tharenou, 2013). This might be the case, even if the AEs and SIEs may have the same or comparable level of education; â€Å"AEs possessed no significant difference in levels of education than SIEs, but were more likely to be in greater positions of authority† (Andresen, Biemann, Pattie, 2015). Unsurprisingly, the greater hierarchical position, leads to greater compensation for AEs on average (Sims Schraeder, 2005). Thus, SIEs are also more likely to be underemployed, since, managers would not be confident enough to trust in the SIEs abilities. This would inevitably cause SIEs to be dissatisfied with their jobs and be alienated from the others in the workplace (Lee, 2005). However, with regards to Japan, it seems as if SIEs obtain more skills that compliment them to have an easier experience of cross-cultural adjustment. Japanese language proficiency seems to be the most important trait in expatriates finding success in Japan. Self-initiated expatriates are much more competent with this skill than assigned expatriates. There may still be language training sessions for AEs, but it is seen as a drag to the management in Japan (Peltokorpi, 2008). This entails that AEs, most likely spend time before expatriating to learn about Japanese culture and the language, and are also likely to spend more time living in Japan than AEs. Thus, they find an easier experience of adjustment to the new culture, since they are prepared for it, in hopes of quickly establishing a successful career abroad. AEs on the other hand, have the sense of security that they will be working immediately upon expatriating. So, they would most likely not go through a lot of preparation for the new culture. However, SIEs would still have to work up to the level of AEs – as mentioned earlier, and would likely contribute to a decreas ed rate of job satisfaction. A study conducted by Fabian Jintae Froese and Vesa Peltokorpi, about expatriates in Japan reaffirms this; â€Å"SIEs suffer from lower job satisfaction because they tend to work more often under HCN (host-country nationals) supervisors regardless of their hierarchical level or the nationality of their employing organizations† (2013). The same studies also found that assigned expatriates and self-initiated expatriates react to cross-cultural adjustment very differently. As established before; AEs see expatriation as an important step in their careers, while, most SIEs take it as an opportunity to appreciate culture and absorb knowledge. SIEs’ increased proficiency in the Japanese language allows them to communicate more with locals, mesh within Japanese culture, and even talk to other expatriates in Japan. While, AEs will remain mostly isolated in their personal lives; â€Å"During their fixed expatriation period in Japan, OEs might be more inclined to interact with other expatriates† (Peltokorpi, 2008). As SIEs interact more with locals; â€Å"they receive information about behavioural norms and the rationale for why people behave in a certain way. The ability to act in an appropriate way and predict the behaviour of others tends to reduce uncertainty and increase psychological comfort† (Pelt okorpi, 2008). This basically means that SIEs will be happier outside of the workspace, as they can enjoy Japanese culture and appreciation for their journey. While, AEs, will be happier in the workspace, as they will have higher positions and be perceived as more successful that SIEs, in the workforce. Another report – by Nancy Napier and Sully Taylor – finds that, expatriating to Japan is a much different experience for women. Due to some of the social patriarchal structures still in place, female self-initiated expatriates will have a harder time to reach the level of, and make as much money as male SIEs – let alone AEs – in an organization. However, female AEs on average, do not face this discrimination, since, they are given and briefed of their position, in their native country, before expatriating. In some cases, women AEs are also offered optional additional cross-cultural training, in order to familiarize themselves with the social contracts and customs of Japan, as they can vary widely from genders and from the constructs and customs of their home country. One problem for female AEs, or AEs in general, can be of repatriation. This report highlights that; â€Å"In one survey of American expatriates, 40 percent said that, on their return to the U nited States, there was no specific job for them†, furthermore; â€Å"another study found that 26 percent of the American expatriates surveyed were actively looking for a different job within one year of returning to the United States† (1996). It is also important to note that this report was a little dated, as it was compiled in 1996; many things could change in a timeframe of almost two decades. To conclude, and to answer the initial research question, both assigned expatriates and self-initiated expatriates have their own unique benefits and setbacks. Preferring to be either an AE or a SIE, depends on what each individual expatriate values in their life. In review, AEs will most likely come to Japan in the pursuit of an increased repertoire and are more driven by career factors. AEs will most likely also start off in a high position (higher than that of a SIE), and in turn, will earn more money, while in Japan. SIEs, on the other hand, can come to Japan for varied reasons, but in order to succeed, they all have to have some skills to help them prepare for this unique culture. Many SIEs have great Japanese-language proficiencies and have a tendency to appreciate the culture and the locals more, as, they will most likely want to stay longer in Japan, than AEs. However, they will usually start off in lower positions, compared to AEs, even though they may have the same level of education. This may lead to them being underemployed and contribute to an overall job dissatisfaction. Women looking expatriate on their own to Japan, also need to consider that they will be facing additional challenges due to the patriarchal structure over there, and may not be happy about their compensation. Thus, may consider expatriating to Japan, through company sponsorship from their native countries. With all of the pros and cons weighted and in consideration, it seems as if being an assigned expatriate may better suit most people’s characteristics. Not many people would like to shift to Japan for life (or most of their lives), thus, assigned expatriation provides a great opportunity to experience Japanese life and culture, while making more money than SIEs, on average. AEs are also given the chance to expatriate elsewhere, and see more of the world after their experience with Japan. SIEs may choose to repatriate to their native countries, but most would choose not to be a SIE again, as they may find it to be too much of a commitment. References: Biemann, T., Andresen, M. (2010). Self-initiated foreign expatriates versus assigned expatriates.Journal of Managerial Psychology,25(4), 430-448. doi:10.1108/02683941011035313 Selmer, J., Lauring, J. (2012). Reasons to expatriate and work outcomes of self-initiated expatriates.Personnel Review,41(5), 665-684. doi:10.1108/00483481211249166 Selmer, J., Lauring, J. (2010), Self-initiated academic expatriates: Inherent demographics and reasons to expatriate. European Management Review, 7:169–179. doi:10.1057/emr.2010.15 Boling, P. A. (2008). Demography, culture, and policy: Understanding Japans low fertility.Population and Development Review,34(2), 307-326. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2008.00221.x Doherty, N., Dickmann, M., Mills, T. (2011). Exploring the motives of company-backed and self-initiated expatriates. International Journal Of Human Resource Management,22(3), 595-611. doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.543637 Doherty, N., Richardson, J., Thorn, K. (2013). Self-initiated expatriation and self-initiated expatriates.Career Development International,18(1), 97-112. doi:10.1108/13620431311305971 Tharenou, P. (2013). Self-initiated expatriates: An alternative to company-assigned expatriates?Journal of Global Mobility,1(3), 336-356. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JGM-02-2013-0008 Andresen, M., Biemann, T., Pattie, M. W. (2015). What makes them move abroad? reviewing and exploring differences between self-initiated and assigned expatriation.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(7), 932-947. doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.669780 Sims, R. H., Schraeder, M. (2005). Expatriate compensation.Career Development International,10(2), 98-108. doi:10.1108/13620430510588301 Lee, C. H. (2005). A study of underemployment among self-initiated expatriates.Journal of World Business,40(2), 172-187. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2005.02.005 Peltokorpi, V. (2007). Intercultural communication patterns and tactics: Nordic expatriates in Japan.International Business Review,16(1), 68-82. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2006.12.001 Peltokorpi, V. (2008). Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates in Japan.International Journal Of Human Resource Management,19(9), 1588-1606. doi:10.1080/09585190802294903 Froese, F. J., Peltokorpi, V. (2013). Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: differences in cross-cultural adjustment and job satisfaction.International Journal Of Human Resource Management,24(10), 1953-1967. doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.725078 Taylor, S., Napier, N. (1996). Working in Japan: Lessons from women expatriates.Sloan Management Review,37(3), 76. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/224969161?accountid=14771 1